In my latest post on structured outputs, the three main approaches for getting machine-readable responses from an LLM. Those are JSON Mode, Function Calling, and OpenAI’s Structured Outputs. If you haven’t read that post yet, it’s worth a quick read before this one, since we’ll be building directly on top of it. So, today, we’ll …
Pydantic + OpenAI: The Cleanest Way to Get Structured Outputs from LLMs Read More »
# Introduction SQL is still one of the most important skills for data analysts, data scientists, business intelligence analysts, and analytics engineers. But learning SQL syntax is only the first step. To stand out, you need to show that you can use SQL to solve real business problems. That is where portfolio projects help. A …
5 Real-World SQL Projects to Build Your Data Portfolio Read More »
I’ve worked on, conversation state tends to grow quickly over time. It’s common to resend large portions of the history on each turn—including older tool outputs, repeated RAG retrievals, and context that’s no longer relevant. As this accumulates, prompts can become significantly larger, which may increase inference cost and latency, and in some cases affect …
# Inroduction This article is part of my noob series where we write about the questions people Google most but may not understand well because of complex math and everything. So, if you are here, you might have heard fine-tuning somewhere in the context of large language models (LLMs) especially. This concept already existed in …
Fine-Tuning Explained for Noobs (How Pretrained Models Learn New Skills) Read More »
latest wave of articles, opinion pieces, and forecasts from consultants and AI vendors, all confidently predicting the imminent takeover of human work by agentic AI, I recently found myself thinking about my first year at Imperial College London, back in 2009. Our lecturer for the introductory programming course would often tell us to sketch out …
# Introduction Every analysis starts the same way: you load a dataset and try to figure out what’s actually in it. How many rows? Which columns are numeric? How much is missing? Is anything wildly skewed? Most of us answer those questions by copy-pasting the same df.describe(), df.isna().sum(), and df.groupby(…).agg(…) snippets we’ve typed a thousand …
7 Steps to Automating Descriptive Statistics with Python Read More »
Image by Pexels Coming out of the pandemic, statisticians have run into a slew of geo-political complications further augmenting the inability to forecast business variables with accuracy. Did Ukraine drive retail prices higher in 2022 or was it the quantitative easing in 2021 that was the culprit? Some models say one thing and some say …
# Introduction Data scientists at companies running AI in production are spending more time on AI oversight and system supervision than on model construction. Job postings and salary data from 2025 and 2026 confirm it. LinkedIn’s 2025 data identified AI literacy and large language model (LLM) proficiency as two of the fastest-growing skills globally. Lightcast …
Data Scientists Are Becoming AI Managers, Not Model Builders Read More »
part of the generation brick of Enterprise Document Intelligence, a series that builds an enterprise RAG system from four bricks: document parsing, question parsing, retrieval, and generation. Article 8A (the answer contract) declared the typed schema family and the ANSWER_REGISTRY that maps each answer shape to its schema. This part builds the call that fills …
# Introduction You want to add Claude to a Python application. Creating an account and making your first API call is straightforward. The official documentation can get you from zero to a working request in a few minutes. The next questions are usually more practical: What does the response object contain? How do you stream …
